![]() ![]() As a vital component of the hydrological cycle, water vapor represents a major driver for the generation and spatiotemporal distribution of clouds and precipitation. Still, atmospheric vapor is a highly effective greenhouse gas that is directly intertwined with global climate change ( Stevens and Bony, 2013) and its implications for natural disasters such as floods, droughts, deluge, or glacier melting. The atmosphere of the Earth contains only up to 4 % water vapor by volume or 25 mm global mean water equivalent. The full dataset can be obtained from ( Fersch et al., 2021). The validation of data assimilation with five independent GNSS stations for IWV shows improving Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) scores for all seasons, most notably for summer, with collocation data assimilation (KGE = 0.92) versus the open-cycle simulation (KGE = 0.69). InSAR (Sentinel-1A/B)-derived double differential slant total delay phases (ddSTDPs) and GNSS-based ZTDs are available for March 2015 to July 2019. Zenith total delay (ZTD) from GNSS and collocation and refractivities are provided as intermediate products. The dataset contains hourly 2D fields of integrated water vapor (IWV) and 3D fields of water vapor density (WVD) for four multi-week, variable season periods between April 2016 and October 2018 at a spatial resolution of (2.1 km) 2. In the following, a collection of basic and processed datasets, obtained with the above-listed methods, is presented that describes the state and course of atmospheric water vapor for the extent of the GNSS Upper Rhine Graben Network (GURN) region. Finally, by assimilation of these observation-derived datasets with dynamical regional atmospheric models, tropospheric water vapor fields can be determined with high spatial and continuous temporal resolution. In addition, data fusion with collocation and tomographical methods enables the construction of detailed maps in either two or three dimensions. ![]() With their complementary high temporal and spatial resolutions, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) meteorology and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) satellite remote sensing represent a significant alternative to generally sparsely distributed radio sounding observations. Due to the pronounced dynamics of the atmosphere and the nonlinear relation of air temperature and saturated vapor pressure, it is highly variable, which hampers the development of high-resolution and three-dimensional maps of regional extent. Tropospheric water vapor is one of the most important trace gases of the Earth's climate system, and its temporal and spatial distribution is critical for the genesis of clouds and precipitation. ![]()
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